Endnotes

  1. Victorian Government (2025), Free TAFE program(opens in a new window).
  2. The Hon Gayle Tierney MP (2025), Free TAFE Makes It Real For Hundreds Of Thousands Of Victorians(opens in a new window), 9 September.
  3. Learn Local (2025), About Learn Local(opens in a new window).
  4. ABS, Labour Force, Australia(opens in a new window), September 2025.
  5. ABS, Counts of Australian Businesses, including Entries and Exits(opens in a new window), July 2021 – June 2025.
  6. ABS, Labour Force, Australia(opens in a new window), September 2025.
  7. ABS, Labour Force, Australia, Detailed(opens in a new window), August 2025.
  8. Victorian Government (2022), Inclusive Victoria: State disability plan 2022-2026(opens in a new window).
  9. Commonwealth Government (2025), Key Apprenticeship Program(opens in a new window).
  10. The Hon Amanda Rishworth MP and the Hon Andrew Giles MP (2025), Apprentice support in key sectors extended(opens in a new window), 1 December.
  11. NCVER, Total VET students and courses 2024, DataBuilder.
  12. The results are based, in part, on data supplied to the ABS under the Taxation Administration Act 1953, A New Tax System (Australian Business Number) Act 1999, Australian Border Force Act 2015, Social Security (Administration) Act 1999, A New Tax System (Family Assistance) (Administration) Act 1999, Paid Parental Leave Act 2010 and/or the Student Assistance Act 1973. Such data may only used for the purpose of administering the Census and Statistics Act 1905 or performance of functions of the ABS as set out in section 6 of the Australian Bureau of Statistics Act 1975. No individual information collected under the Census and Statistics Act 1905 is provided back to custodians for administrative or regulatory purposes. Any discussion of data limitations or weaknesses is in the context of using the data for statistical purposes and is not related to the ability of the data to support the Australian Taxation Office, Australian Business Register, Department of Social Services and/or Department of Home Affairs’ core operational requirements.
    Legislative requirements to ensure privacy and secrecy of these data have been followed. For access to PLIDA and/or BLADE data under Section 16A of the ABS Act 1975 or enabled by section 15 of the Census and Statistics (Information Release and Access) Determination 2018, source data are de-identified and so data about specific individuals has not been viewed in conducting this analysis. In accordance with the Census and Statistics Act 1905, results have been treated where necessary to ensure that they are not likely to enable identification of a particular person or organisation.
  13. Department of Jobs, Skills, Industry and Regions (2025), Victorian Industry Policy(opens in a new window); Department of Treasury and Finance (2024), Economic Growth Statement(opens in a new window).
  14. Invest Victoria(opens in a new window) (2025), Digital infrastructure.
  15. Mandala Partners (2024), Empowering Australia's Digital Future(opens in a new window), p. 15.
  16. Department of Jobs, Skills, Industry and Regions (2025), Victorian Industry Policy(opens in a new window).
  17. ABS, Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2023–24 financial year(opens in a new window).
  18. Department of Jobs, Skills, Industry and Regions (2025), Victorian Defence Vision Statement(opens in a new window).
  19. Global Victoria (2025), Victorian Food and Fibre Export Performance Summary 2023–24(opens in a new window), p. 4.
  20. Department of Education (2025), Regional University Study Hubs(opens in a new window).
  21. Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (2022), Great South Coast: Regional Economic Development Strategy(opens in a new window).
  22. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (2025), Southern Ocean region off Victoria, declared offshore wind area(opens in a new window).
  23. Invest Gippsland (2025), Invest in a Growing Food Bowl(opens in a new window).
  24. Business Events Victoria (2025), Agribusiness(opens in a new window).
  25. Business Events Victoria (2025), Agribusiness(opens in a new window) (2025), Agri and Horticulture Business(opens in a new window).
  26. Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (2022), Medtech Manufacturing Capability Program Guidelines(opens in a new window), p. 1.
  27. Premier of Victoria (2022), Backing Medtech Innovations In Bendigo(opens in a new window), 15 September.
  28. Business Events Victoria (2025), Advanced manufacturing(opens in a new window).
  29. Business Events Victoria (2025), Advanced manufacturing(opens in a new window).
  30. Federation University (2024), Federation University Technology Parks: About us(opens in a new window).
  31. Data Centre Dynamics (2025), NextDC announces plans for data centre in Melbourne, promises 1MW rack densities(opens in a new window).
  32. Jobs and Skills Australia (2025), Our Gen AI Transition: Implications for Work and Skills(opens in a new window), p. 119.
  33. Jobs and Skills Australia (2025), Our Gen AI Transition: Implications for Work and Skills(opens in a new window), p. 119.
  34. Jobs and Skills Australia (2025), Our Gen AI Transition: Implications for Work and Skills(opens in a new window), p. 119.
  35. Productivity Commission (2025), Harnessing data and digital technology - Interim report(opens in a new window).
  36. CSIRO (2025), Byte by byte: How AI is reshaping agriculture.
  37. Premier of Victoria (2025), A Responsible Budget Focused On What Matters Most(opens in a new window), 20 May.
  38. La Trobe University (2024), New centre to be key in global AI medical research(opens in a new window).
  39. Business Victoria (2025), Digital Jobs Program.
  40. UNSW (2025), How AI in healthcare is reshaping the future of medicine(opens in a new window).
  41. Tech Council of Australia (2023), Australia’s Generative AI Opportunity(opens in a new window), p. 19.
  42. Tech Council of Australia (2024), Meeting the AI Skills Boom(opens in a new window), p. 53.
  43. ParametricArchitecture (2024), The use of robotics in prefabricated construction: advantages and challenges(opens in a new window).
  44. These are technically classified as manual, routine occupations as per Borland and Coelli (2022) methodology.
  45. Business Victoria (2025), Digital Jobs Program Handbook, p.41
  46. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (2025), Australia’s artificial intelligence ecosystem: growth and opportunities, p. 21; Global Victoria (2025), Victoria’s Digital Technology Ecosystem.
  47. Mandala Partners (2024), Empowering Australia’s Digital Future(opens in a new window), p. 4.
  48. Mandala Partners (2024), Empowering Australia’s Digital Future(opens in a new window), p. 16.
  49. Department of Jobs, Skills, Industry and Regions (2025), Victorian Digital Technology Sector Factsheet(opens in a new window), p. 1.
  50. Department of Industry, Science and Resources (2025), Australia’s artificial intelligence ecosystem: growth and opportunities, p. 43.
  51. Victorian Government (2025), 2025–26 State Budget – Service and Delivery, Budget Paper 3, p. 11.
  52. Holmesglen Institute of TAFE (2025), Digital and AI Skills Workshop for Educators.
  53. University of Melbourne (2025), AI and Autonomy Lab.
  54. RMIT (2025), Enterprise AI and Data Analytics Lab.
  55. Deakin University (2025), Applied Artificial Intelligence Initiative.
  56. La Trobe University (2025), Australian Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Innovation.
  57. Kangan Institute (2024), Kangan Institute leading digital course innovation with ASQA pilot initiative(opens in a new window).
  58. Melbourne Polytechnic (2024), $50 million national housing construction training centre for Melbourne Polytechnic(opens in a new window).
  59. Holmesglen (2025), Holmesglen Simulation Centre; Metro Trains (2023), Metro opens its doors to train enthusiasts young and old.
  60. The Hon Gayle Tierney MP (2024), Free TAFE Training Victorians For The Jobs Of The Future(opens in a new window), 29 November.
  61. Victorian Government (2025), Free TAFE program(opens in a new window).
  62. Productivity Commission (2023), 5-year Productivity Inquiry: from learning to growth, Vol. 8, p. 3.

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